The anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater – achievements and future challenges
نویسندگان
چکیده
Anaerob ammonium oksidasjon (Anammox) for fjerning av nitrogen fra ulike avløpsstrømmer er en relativt ny prosess som er blitt utviklet i løpet av de siste ca 20 år. Det gjenstår imidlertid mange uavklarte spørsmål og tilhørende FoU-oppgaver knyttet bl.a. til Anammox-bakterienes metabolisme og hvordan disse bakteriene kan utnyttes på best mulig måte i fullskala renseanlegg for fjerning av nitrogen. Dette gjelder ikke minst hvordan prosessen kan utvikles til å fjerne nitrogen fra vanlig kommunalt avløpsvann, og ikke bare fra «sidestrømmer» med høyt ammoniuminnhold og høy temperatur. Sammenlignet med konvensjonelle metoder for fjerning av nitrogen fra kommunalt avløpsvann (nitrifikasjon/denitrifikasjon) er Anammox-prosessen svært energibesparende, og det er ingen behov for en karbonkilde, slik denitrifikasjonsprosessen krever. Dette vil gi muligheter for å ta ut så mye som mulig av det organiske materialet i avløpsvannet som primærslam og produsere fornybar energi av dette i form av biogass. Dersom man lykkes med å implementere Anammox-prosessen for fjerning av nitrogen fra kommunalt avløpsvann, vil dette innebære en kraftig økning av bærekraften til avløpsrenseanlegg, og det er ikke lenger utopisk å se på avløpsrenseanlegg som en netto energiprodusent. Summary Although the study of the Anammox process has been ongoing for about 20 years and knowledge about Anammox bacteria has significantly increased, there are still many questions regarding bacte ria behaviour and process performance involving these bacteria. Therefore, Anammox bacteria still require further research. Conventional wastewater nitrogen removal systems require a lot of energy for nitrification, and often an external organic carbon source for denitrification. The application of the Anammox process (which significantly reduces the need for energy and does not need organic matter to convert nitrogen to gas) in the main stream of a wastewater treatment plant would be a great alternative to save energy costs for aeration. Moreover, the organic matter present in wastewater could be regarded as a source of additional energy. Such a sustainable approach is now intensely studied around the world. Its implementation seems to be a revolution in the field of sustainable wastewater treatment. This brings a vision that soon the pollutants in the wastewater will no longer be seen as a problem, but as a source of renewable energy.
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